椅 凳 类

椅凳类包括不同种类的坐具,分别如下:

壹·杌凳  贰·坐墩  叁·交杌  肆长凳  伍·椅  陆·宝座

壹~杌凳

杌”字见《玉篇》:“树无枝也。”从此义可以想到以“杌”作为坐具之名,是专指没有靠背的一类,以别于有靠背的“椅”。在北方语言中,“杌”仍惯用于众口,如称一般的凳子曰“杌凳”,称小凳子曰“小杌凳”等。传统家具,凡结体作方形的或长方形的,一般可以用“无束腰”或“有束腰”作为主要区分。

贰~坐墩

坐墩不仅用于室内,更常用于室外,故传世实物,石制的或瓷制的比木制的还多。它又名“绣墩”,这是因为墩上多覆盖锦绣一类织物作为垫子,借以增其华丽。石制绣墩往往上雕方袱,四角还各坠铜钱一枚,可以反映古时使用情况。不过作为一种坐具,依其功能,还是称之为“坐墩”较为确切。

叁~交杌

交杌即腿足相交的杌凳,俗称“马扎”。“扎”或写作“”,就是古代所谓的胡床°。由于它可以折叠,在携带、存放上都比较方便,所以千百年来广泛被人使用。尤其是小型的交杌,更是居家常备。明式的交杌,最简单的只用八根直材构成,杌面穿绳索或皮革条带。比较精细的则施雕刻,加金属饰件,用丝绒等编织杌面;有的还带踏床。也有杌面用木棂造成,可以向上提拉折叠,它是交杌中的变体。

肆~长凳

长凳是狭长无靠背坐具的统称,可分为三种:

一、条凳      大小长短不一致,最常见的日用品,尺寸较小,面板厚寸许,多用柴木制成,通称“板凳”,北宋时已定型。尺寸稍大,面板较厚的,或称大条凳,除供坐人外,兼可承物。最为长大笨重,因放在大门道里使用而被称为“门凳”的,亦可归入此类。

二、二人凳      凳面宽于一般条凳,长三尺余,可容二人并坐,故名。它在南方被称为“春凳”。

三、春凳       长五六尺,宽逾二尺,可坐三五人,亦可睡卧,以代小榻,或陈置器物,功同桌案。南方、北方,均称此为“春凳”,明清小说及清代匠作《则例》中也有记述。

伍~椅

椅子是有靠背的坐具,式样和大小,差别甚大。除形制特大,雕饰奢华,成为尊贵的独座而应称为“宝座”外,余均入此类。明式椅子依其形制大体可分为四式:一、靠背椅  二、扶手椅  三、圈椅  四、交椅


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